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Global maps of soil temperature

Lembrechts, Jonas J.
[1]; 
[2]; 
[2]; 
Ashcroft, Michael B.
[3]; 
De Frenne, Pieter
[4]; 
Kemppinen, Julia
[5]; 
Kopecky, Martin
[6]; 
Luoto, Miska
[7]; 
Maclean, Ilya M. D.
[8]; 
Crowther, Thomas W.
[9]; 
Bailey, Joseph J.
[10]; 
Haesen, Stef
[11]; 
Klinges, David H.
[12]; 
Niittynen, Pekka
[7]; 
Scheffers, Brett R.
[12]; 
Van Meerbeek, Koenraad
[11]; 
Aartsma, Peter
[13]; 
Abdalaze, Otar
[14]; 
Abedi, Mehdi
[15]; 
Aerts, Rien
[16]; 
Ahmadian, Negar
[15]; 
Ahrends, Antje
[17]; 
Alatalo, Juha M.
[18]; 
Alexander, Jake M.
[9]; 
Allonsius, Camille Nina
[1]; 
Altman, Jan
[6]; 
Ammann, Christof
[19]; 
Andres, Christian
[9]; 
Andrews, Christopher
[20]; 
Ardo, Jonas
[21]; 
Arriga, Nicola
[22]; 
Arzac, Alberto
[23]; 
Aschero, Valeria
[24]; 
Assis, Rafael L.
[25]; 
Assmann, Jakob Johann
[26]; 
Bader, Maaike Y.
[27]; 
Bahalkeh, Khadijeh
[15]; 
Barancok, Peter
[28]; 
Barrio, Isabel C.
[29]; 
Barros, Agustina
[30]; 
Barthel, Matti
[9]; 
Basham, Edmund W.
[12]; 
Bauters, Marijn
[4]; 
Bazzichetto, Manuele
[31]; 
Marchesini, Luca Belelli
[32]; 
Bell, Michael C.
[33]; 
Benavides, Juan C.
[34]; 
Benito Alonso, Jose Luis
[35]; 
Berauer, Bernd J.
[36]; 
Bjerke, Jarle W.
[37]; 
Bjork, Robert G.
[38]; 
Bjorkman, Mats P.
[38]; 
Bjornsdottir, Katrin
[38]; 
Blonder, Benjamin
[39]; 
Boeckx, Pascal
[4]; 
Boike, Julia
[40]; 
Bokhorst, Stef
[16]; 
Brum, Barbara N. S.
[41]; 
Bruna, Josef
[6]; 
Buchmann, Nina
[9]; 
Buysse, Pauline
[42]; 
Camargo, Jose Luis
[41]; 
Campoe, Otavio C.
[43]; 
Candan, Onur
[44]; 
Canessa, Rafaella
[27]; 
Cannone, Nicoletta
[45]; 
Carbognani, Michele
[46]; 
Carnicer, Jofre
[47]; 
Casanova-Katny, Angelica
[48]; 
Cesarz, Simone
[49]; 
Chojnicki, Bogdan
[50]; 
Choler, Philippe
[51]; 
Chown, Steven L.
[52]; 
Cifuentes, Edgar F.
[53]; 
Ciliak, Marek
[54]; 
[55]; 
Convey, Peter
[56]; 
Cooper, Elisabeth J.
[57]; 
Cremonese, Edoardo
[58]; 
Curasi, Salvatore R.
[59]; 
Curtis, Robin
[8]; 
Cutini, Maurizio
[60]; 
Dahlberg, C. Johan
[61]; 
Daskalova, Gergana N.
[62]; 
Angel de Pablo, Miguel
[63]; 
Della Chiesa, Stefano
[64]; 
Dengler, Juergen
[49]; 
Deronde, Bart
[65]; 
Descombes, Patrice
[9]; 
Di Cecco, Valter
[66]; 
Di Musciano, Michele
[67]; 
Dick, Jan
[20]; 
Dimarco, Romina D.
[68]; 
Dolezal, Jiri
[6]; 
Dorrepaal, Ellen
[69]; 
Dusek, Jiri
[6]; 
Eisenhauer, Nico
[49]; 
Eklundh, Lars
[21]; 
Erickson, Todd E.
[70]; 
Erschbamer, Brigitta
[71]; 
Eugster, Werner
[9]; 
Ewers, Robert M.
[72]; 
Exton, Dan A.
[73]; 
Fanin, Nicolas
[74]; 
Fazlioglu, Fatih
[44]; 
Feigenwinter, Iris
[9]; 
Fenu, Giuseppe
[75]; 
Ferlian, Olga
[49]; 
Fernandez Calzado, M. Rosa
[76]; 
Fernandez-Pascual, Eduardo
[77]; 
Finckh, Manfred
[78]; 
Higgens, Rebecca Finger
[79]; 
Forte, T'ai G. W.
[46]; 
Freeman, Erika C.
[53]; 
Frei, Esther R.
[9]; 
Fuentes-Lillo, Eduardo
[1]; 
Garcia, Rafael A.
[80]; 
Garcia, Maria B.
[81]; 
Geron, Charly
[1]; 
Gharun, Mana
[9]; 
Ghosn, Dany
[82]; 
Gigauri, Khatuna
[83]; 
Gobin, Anne
[65]; 
Goded, Ignacio
[22]; 
Goeckede, Mathias
[84]; 
Gottschall, Felix
[49]; 
Goulding, Keith
[56]; 
Govaert, Sanne
[4]; 
Graae, Bente Jessen
[85]; 
Greenwood, Sarah
[62]; 
Greiser, Caroline
[61]; 
Grelle, Achim
[86]; 
Guenard, Benoit
[87]; 
Guglielmin, Mauro
[45]; 
Guillemot, Joannes
[88]; 
Haase, Peter
[89]; 
Haider, Sylvia
[49]; 
Halbritter, Aud H.
[90]; 
Hamid, Maroof
[91]; 
Hammerle, Albin
[71]; 
Hampe, Arndt
[92]; 
Haugum, Siri
[90]; 
Hederova, Lucia
[6]; 
Heinesch, Bernard
[93]; 
Helfter, Carole
[20]; 
Hepenstrick, Daniel
[94]; 
Herberich, Maximiliane
[95]; 
Herbst, Mathias
[96]; 
Hermanutz, Luise
[97]; 
Hik, David S.
[98]; 
Hoffren, Raul
[99]; 
Homeier, Juergen
[100]; 
Hortnagl, Lukas
[9]; 
Hoye, Toke T.
[26]; 
Hrbacek, Filip
[101]; 
Hylander, Kristoffer
[61]; 
Iwata, Hiroki
[102]; 
Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marcin Antoni
[21]; 
Jactel, Herve
[92]; 
Jarveoja, Jarvi
[86]; 
Jastrzebowski, Szymon
[103]; 
Jentsch, Anke
[104]; 
Jimenez, Juan J.
[81]; 
Jonsdottir, Ingibjorg S.
[105]; 
Jucker, Tommaso
[106]; 
Jump, Alistair S.
[107]; 
Juszczak, Radoslaw
[50]; 
Kanka, Robert
[28]; 
Kaspar, Vit
[6]; 
Kazakis, George
[82]; 
Kelly, Julia
[21]; 
Khuroo, Anzar A.
[91]; 
Klemedtsson, Leif
[38]; 
Klisz, Marcin
[103]; 
Kljun, Natascha
[21]; 
Knohl, Alexander
[108]; 
Kobler, Johannes
[109]; 
Kollar, Jozef
[28]; 
Kotowska, Martyna M.
[108]; 
Kovacs, Bence
[110]; 
Kreyling, Juergen
[111]; 
Lamprecht, Andrea
[112]; 
Lang, Simone
[113]; 
Larson, Christian
[114]; 
Larson, Keith
[69]; 
Laska, Kamil
[101]; 
Maire, Guerric Ie
[88]; 
Leihy, Rachel
[52]; 
Lens, Luc
[4]; 
Liljebladh, Bengt
[38]; 
Lohila, Annalea
[115]; 
Lorite, Juan
[76]; 
Loubet, Benjamin
[42]; 
Lynn, Joshua
[90]; 
Macek, Martin
[6]; 
[55]; 
Magliulo, Enzo
[116]; 
Maier, Regine
[9]; 
Malfasi, Francesco
[45]; 
Malis, Frantisek
[54]; 
Man, Matej
[6]; 
Manca, Giovanni
[22]; 
Manco, Antonio
[116]; 
Manise, Tanguy
[93]; 
Manolaki, Paraskevi
[117]; 
Marciniak, Felipe
[41]; 
Matula, Radim
[118]; 
Clara Mazzolari, Ana
[30]; 
Medinets, Sergiy
[119]; 
Medinets, Volodymyr
[119]; 
Meeussen, Camille
[4]; 
Merinero, Sonia
[61]; 
Guimaraes Mesquita, Rita de Cassia
[41]; 
Meusburger, Katrin
[9]; 
Meysman, Filip J. R.
[1]; 
Michaletz, Sean T.
[120]; 
Milbau, Ann
[121]; 
Moiseev, Dmitry
[122]; 
Moiseev, Pavel
[122]; 
Mondoni, Andrea
[123]; 
Monfries, Ruth
[17]; 
Montagnani, Leonardo
[124]; 
Moriana-Armendariz, Mikel
[57]; 
di Cella, Umberto Morra
[58]; 
Moersdorf, Martin
[125]; 
Mosedale, Jonathan R.
[8]; 
Muffler, Lena
[108]; 
Munoz-Rojas, Miriam
[126]; 
Myers, Jonathan A.
[127]; 
Myers-Smith, Isla H.
[62]; 
Nagy, Laszlo
[128]; 
Nardino, Marianna
[129]; 
Naujokaitis-Lewis, Ilona
[130]; 
Newling, Emily
[131]; 
Nicklas, Lena
[71]; 
Niedrist, Georg
[132]; 
Niessner, Armin
[36]; 
Nilsson, Mats B.
[86]; 
Normand, Signe
[26]; 
Nosetto, Marcelo D.
[30]; 
Nouvellon, Yann
[88]; 
Nunez, Martin A.
[133]; 
Ogaya, Roma
[81]; 
Ogee, Jerome
[74]; 
Okello, Joseph
[4]; 
Olejnik, Janusz
[50]; 
Olesen, Jorgen Eivind
[26]; 
Opedal, Oystein H.
[21]; 
Orsenigo, Simone
[123]; 
Palaj, Andrej
[28]; 
Pampuch, Timo
[111]; 
Panov, Alexey
[122]; 
Partel, Meelis
[134]; 
Pastor, Ada
[26]; 
Pauchard, Anibal
[80]; 
Pauli, Harald
[112]; 
Pavelka, Marian
[6]; 
Pearse, William D.
[135]; 
Peichl, Matthias
[86]; 
Pellissier, Loic
[9]; 
Penczykowski, Rachel M.
[127]; 
Penuelas, Josep
[81]; 
Bon, Matteo Petit
[6]; 
Petraglia, Alessandro
[46]; 
Phartyal, Shyam S.
[136]; 
Phoenix, Gareth K.
[137]; 
Pio, Casimiro
[138]; 
Pitacco, Andrea
[139]; 
Pitteloud, Camille
[9]; 
Plichta, Roman
[140]; 
Porro, Francesco
[123]; 
Portillo-Estrada, Miguel
[1]; 
Poulenard, Jerome
[141]; 
Poyatos, Rafael
[142]; 
Prokushkin, Anatoly S.
[23]; 
Puchalka, Radoslaw
[143]; 
Puscas, Mihai
[144]; 
Radujkovic, Dajana
[1]; 
Randall, Krystal
[3]; 
Backes, Amanda Ratier
[49]; 
Remmele, Sabine
[36]; 
Remmers, Wolfram
[145]; 
Renault, David
[31]; 
Risch, Anita C.
[9]; 
Rixen, Christian
[9]; 
Robinson, Sharon A.
[3]; 
Robroek, Bjorn J. M.
[146]; 
Rocha, Adrian
[59]; 
Rossi, Christian
[147]; 
Rossi, Graziano
[123]; 
Roupsard, Olivier
[148]; 
Rubtsov, Alexey
[23]; 
Saccone, Patrick
[112]; 
Sagot, Clotilde
[149]; 
Sallo Bravo, Jhonatan
[150]; 
Santos, Cinthya C.
; 
Sarneel, Judith M.
[69]; 
Scharnweber, Tobias
[111]; 
Schmeddes, Jonas
[111]; 
Schmidt, Marius
[40]; 
Scholten, Thomas
[151]; 
Schuchardt, Max
[104]; 
Schwartz, Naomi
; 
Scott, Tony
[56]; 
Seeber, Julia
[71]; 
Segalin de Andrade, Ana Cristina
; 
Seipel, Tim
[114]; 
Semenchuk, Philipp
[152]; 
Senior, Rebecca A.
[153]; 
Serra-Diaz, Josep M.
[154]; 
Sewerniak, Piotr
[143]; 
Shekhar, Ankit
[9]; 
Sidenko, Nikita
[122]; 
Siebicke, Lukas
[108]; 
Collier, Laura Siegwart
[97]; 
Simpson, Elizabeth
[135]; 
Siqueira, David P.
[155]; 
Sitkova, Zuzana
[156]; 
Six, Johan
[9]; 
Smiljanic, Marko
[111]; 
Smith, Stuart W.
[85]; 
Smith-Tripp, Sarah
[120]; 
Somers, Ben
[157]; 
Sorensen, Mia Vedel
[85]; 
Souza, Jose Joao L. L.
[158]; 
Souza, Bartolomeu Israel
[159]; 
Dias, Arildo Souza
[160]; 
Spasojevic, Marko J.
[39]; 
Speed, James D. M.
[85]; 
Spicher, Fabien
[161]; 
Stanisci, Angela
[162]; 
Steinbauer, Klaus
[112]; 
Steinbrecher, Rainer
[163]; 
Steinwandter, Michael
[132]; 
Stemkovski, Michael
[135]; 
Stephan, Jorg G.
[86]; 
Stiegler, Christian
[108]; 
Stoll, Stefan
[145]; 
Svatek, Martin
[140]; 
Svoboda, Miroslav
[118]; 
Tagesson, Torbern
[21]; 
Tanentzap, Andrew J.
[53]; 
Tanneberger, Franziska
[111]; 
Theurillat, Jean-Paul
[164]; 
Thomas, Haydn J. D.
[62]; 
Thomas, Andrew D.
[165]; 
Tielboerger, Katja
[151]; 
Tomaselli, Marcello
[46]; 
Treier, Urs Albert
[26]; 
Trouillier, Mario
[111]; 
Turtureanu, Pavel Dan
[144]; 
Tutton, Rosamond
[166]; 
Tyystjarvi, Vilna A.
[115]; 
Ueyama, Masahito
[167]; 
Ujhazy, Karol
[54]; 
Ujhazyova, Mariana
[54]; 
Uogintas, Domas
[168]; 
Urban, Anastasiya
[140]; 
Urban, Josef
[23]; 
Urbaniak, Marek
[50]; 
Ursu, Tudor-Mihai
[169]; 
Vaccari, Francesco Primo
[129]; 
Van de Vondel, Stijn
[1]; 
van den Brink, Liesbeth
[151]; 
Van Geel, Maarten
[11]; 
Vandvik, Vigdis
[90]; 
Vangansbeke, Pieter
[4]; 
Varlagin, Andrej
[122]; 
Veen, G. F.
[170]; 
Veenendaal, Elmar
[171]; 
Venn, Susanna E.
[131]; 
Verbeeck, Hans
[4]; 
Verbrugggen, Erik
[1]; 
Verheijen, Frank G. A.
[138]; 
Villar, Luis
[81]; 
Vitale, Luca
[129]; 
Vittoz, Pascal
[172]; 
Vives-Ingla, Maria
[142]; 
von Oppen, Jonathan
[26]; 
Walz, Josefine
[69]; 
Wang, Runxi
[87]; 
Wang, Yifeng
[166]; 
Way, Robert G.
[166]; 
Wedegartner, Ronja E. M.
[85]; 
Weigel, Robert
[108]; 
Wild, Jan
[6]; 
Wilkinson, Matthew
[33]; 
Wilmking, Martin
[111]; 
Wingate, Lisa
[74]; 
Winkler, Manuela
[112]; 
Wipf, Sonja
[9]; 
Wohlfahrt, Georg
[71]; 
Xenakis, Georgios
[173]; 
Yang, Yan
[174]; 
Yu, Zicheng
[175]; 
Yu, Kailiang
[153]; 
Zellweger, Florian
[9]; 
Zhang, Jian
[176]; 
Zhang, Zhaochen
[176]; 
Zhao, Peng
[86]; 
Ziemblinska, Klaudia
[50]; 
Zimmermann, Reiner
[36]; 
Zong, Shengwei
[175]; 
Zyryanov, Viacheslav
[122]; 
Nijs, Ivan
[1]; 
Lenoir, Jonathan
[161]
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    AgroParisTech
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    VITO
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    University of Hamburg
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    CIHEAM
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    Georgian Inst Publ Affairs
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    Max Planck Society
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    Leibniz Association
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    University of Liege
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    ZHAW Zurich Univ Appl Sci
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    BOKU University
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    Ctr Agrometeorol Res ZAMF
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    Memorial University Newfoundland
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    University of Zaragoza
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    HAWK University of Applied Sciences & Arts Hildesheim Holzminden Gottingen
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    Forest Research Institute
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    University of Bristol
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    University of Gottingen
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    Environm Agcy Austria
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    Universitat Greifswald
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    Austrian Academy of Sciences
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    University Centre Svalbard (UNIS)
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    Montana State University System
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    Finnish Meteorological Institute
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    CNR Inst Agr & Forestry Syst Mediterranean
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    Open University of Cyprus
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    Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
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    Ministry of Education & Science of Ukraine
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    University of British Columbia
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    Dept Environm
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    Russian Academy of Sciences
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    University of Pavia
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    Free University of Bozen-Bolzano
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    Washington University (WUSTL)
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    Universidade de Sao Paulo
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    Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)
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    European Academy of Bozen-Bolzano
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    Universidade de Aveiro
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    University of Padua
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    Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes
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    Centro de Investigacion Ecologica y Aplicaciones Forestales (CREAF-CERCA)
  • 143
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    Babes Bolyai University from Cluj
  • 145
    Univ Appl Sci Trier
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    Swiss Natl Pk
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    CIRAD
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    Parc Natl Ecrins Domaine Charance
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    Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco
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    Eberhard Karls University of Tubingen
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    Dept Bot & Biodivers Res
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    Princeton University
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    Universite de Lorraine
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    Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense
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    National Forest Center - Slovakia
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    Dept Earth & Environm Sci
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    Universidade Federal de Vicosa
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    Universidade Federal da Paraiba
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    Goethe University Frankfurt
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    Forest Res
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    Chinese Academy of Sciences
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    East China Normal University
DOI
Date Issued
2022-5
Type
Artículo de revisión
Journal
global change biology
ISSN
1354-1013
1365-2486
Open Access
hybrid
Volume
28
Start page
3110
End page
3144
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Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we provide global maps of soil temperature and bioclimatic variables at a 1-km(2) resolution for 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth. These maps were created by calculating the difference (i.e. offset) between in situ soil temperature measurements, based on time series from over 1200 1-km(2) pixels (summarized from 8519 unique temperature sensors) across all the world's major terrestrial biomes, and coarse-grained air temperature estimates from ERA5-Land (an atmospheric reanalysis by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts). We show that mean annual soil temperature differs markedly from the corresponding gridded air temperature, by up to 10 degrees C (mean = 3.0 +/- 2.1 degrees C), with substantial variation across biomes and seasons. Over the year, soils in cold and/or dry biomes are substantially warmer (+3.6 +/- 2.3 degrees C) than gridded air temperature, whereas soils in warm and humid environments are on average slightly cooler (-0.7 +/- 2.3 degrees C). The observed substantial and biome-specific offsets emphasize that the projected impacts of climate and climate change on near-surface biodiversity and ecosystem functioning are inaccurately assessed when air rather than soil temperature is used, especially in cold environments. The global soil-related bioclimatic variables provided here are an important step forward for any application in ecology and related disciplines. Nevertheless, we highlight the need to fill remaining geographic gaps by collecting more in situ measurements of microclimate conditions to further enhance the spatiotemporal resolution of global soil temperature products for ecological applications.
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