Schuttler, Elke

Nombre preferido

Schuttler, Elke

Nombre completo

Schuttler, Elke

Afiliación principal

Centro universitario UMAG Cabo de Hornos

elke.schuttler@umag.cl

ORCID

0000-0001-9143-6237

Jerarquía académica

Prof. Asociado/a

Línea de investigación

Ciencia Antartica y Subantartica

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Mostrando 1 - 10 de 12

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DOI 10.3390/ani12243564
Are Tourists Facilitators of the Movement of Free-Ranging Dogs?
2022-12
Schuttler, Elke
;
Jimenez, Jaime E.
Simple Summary Free-ranging dogs are of major conservation concern worldwide as they negatively affect wildlife. This is particularly true for the Global South, where dogs even roam free in and around protected areas. Whether tourists who visit those biodiversity-rich areas play a role in facilitating the access of dogs to nature is largely unknown. Using a combined approach of questionnaires with tourists and camera-traps along trekking trails in the Chilean Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, this study demonstrates that free-ranging dogs indeed followed tourists-even on several day trips-into protected areas. Although scientists and governmental agencies are aware of the problem and responsible pet ownership strategies are beginning to be implemented, the tourism sector must be explicitly integrated into wildlife conservation management strategies. Awareness campaigns promoting the confinement of dogs should be urgently implemented among tourism operators, hostel owners, and the tourists themselves-not only on behalf of wildlife but also to guarantee the attractiveness of green tourism destinations. Dogs are the most abundant carnivores on earth and, as such, negatively impact wildlife. Free-ranging dogs roam in many protected areas, which in turn are often tourist destinations. Whether tourists influence their roaming is largely unexplored but highly relevant to wildlife conservation. To address this question, we obtained (i) 81 completed questionnaires from tourists on their experience with free-ranging dogs in the remote Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile, and (ii) photographs of three camera-traps placed next to trekking trails (n = 87 trap days). A third of the participants were followed by dogs for up to four days, and 39% saw free-ranging dogs on their hikes, but neither feeding dogs nor fear of them had any influence on whether tourists were followed by dogs. Camera-traps yielded 53 independent dog sequences, recorded 32 individuals plus 14 unidentified dogs, of which only one was leashed, with a frequency of one dog every 28(th) person. In 17% of 53 sequences, dogs were photographed together with hikers carrying large backpacks for several-day trips. We conclude that tourists are facilitators for the movement of dogs and highlight the importance of the engagement of the tourism sector in wildlife conservation in and close to protected areas.
Scopus© Citations 5 4
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DOI 10.3390/ani12243564
Are Tourists Facilitators of the Movement of Free-Ranging Dogs?
2022-12
Schuttler, Elke
;
Jimenez, Jaime E.
Simple Summary Free-ranging dogs are of major conservation concern worldwide as they negatively affect wildlife. This is particularly true for the Global South, where dogs even roam free in and around protected areas. Whether tourists who visit those biodiversity-rich areas play a role in facilitating the access of dogs to nature is largely unknown. Using a combined approach of questionnaires with tourists and camera-traps along trekking trails in the Chilean Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, this study demonstrates that free-ranging dogs indeed followed tourists-even on several day trips-into protected areas. Although scientists and governmental agencies are aware of the problem and responsible pet ownership strategies are beginning to be implemented, the tourism sector must be explicitly integrated into wildlife conservation management strategies. Awareness campaigns promoting the confinement of dogs should be urgently implemented among tourism operators, hostel owners, and the tourists themselves-not only on behalf of wildlife but also to guarantee the attractiveness of green tourism destinations. Dogs are the most abundant carnivores on earth and, as such, negatively impact wildlife. Free-ranging dogs roam in many protected areas, which in turn are often tourist destinations. Whether tourists influence their roaming is largely unexplored but highly relevant to wildlife conservation. To address this question, we obtained (i) 81 completed questionnaires from tourists on their experience with free-ranging dogs in the remote Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile, and (ii) photographs of three camera-traps placed next to trekking trails (n = 87 trap days). A third of the participants were followed by dogs for up to four days, and 39% saw free-ranging dogs on their hikes, but neither feeding dogs nor fear of them had any influence on whether tourists were followed by dogs. Camera-traps yielded 53 independent dog sequences, recorded 32 individuals plus 14 unidentified dogs, of which only one was leashed, with a frequency of one dog every 28(th) person. In 17% of 53 sequences, dogs were photographed together with hikers carrying large backpacks for several-day trips. We conclude that tourists are facilitators for the movement of dogs and highlight the importance of the engagement of the tourism sector in wildlife conservation in and close to protected areas.
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DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105358
Do dog-human bonds influence movements of free-ranging dogs in wilderness?
2021-08
Saavedra-Aracena, Lorena
;
Grimm-Seyfarth, Annegret
;
Schuttler, Elke
Domestic dogs have a close and mutualistic relationship with humans. When unconfined, they usually stay close to the owner's home, but some undertake intensive forays in nature with negative impacts on wildlife. Predictors for such problematic dogs in previous research concentrated on dog characteristics and husbandry. Here we additionally explored which aspects of the dog-human bond influenced the movements of free-ranging village dogs in southern Chile. Using an interdisciplinary framework, we assessed the strength of this relationship through (i) attachment behaviours performed during the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP, dog's perception of the relationship) and (ii) the Monash Dog-Owner Relationship Scale questionnaire (MDORS, owner's perception) in 41 dog-owner dyads while remotely monitoring the dogs' movements using GPS tracking (n = 36394 locations). We found that 39 % of dogs had > 5 % of their locations in natural areas, but only three individuals exhibited overnight excursions. Home range size (1.8-4227 ha) and mean distances to the owner's home (0-28.4 km) varied greatly among individuals. Through generalized linear models we identified that dogs had larger home ranges, moved farther away from home or accessed nature more (i.e., they exhibited more intensive forays) when they explored more, greeted their owners intensively, and expressed more passive behaviours in the presence of their owners (SSP). However, the MDORS questionnaire was a poor predictor of home range, distance to home, and access to nature. When considering the dogs' background, older dogs, males, and dogs that got missing more frequently exhibited more intensive forays. Compared to SSP results in confined dogs, we suggest that owners of free-ranging dogs do not play an important role as an attachment figure. We conclude that the dog-owner bond indeed influences roaming behaviour in dogs. This highlights the necessity of wildlife management strategies considering the cultural context. In specific terms, we recommend to foster the knowledge of the importance of bonds between dogs and their owners in educational campaigns on responsible dog ownership, along with biological (age, sex) and behavioural characteristics (exploration, getting missing). That way, awareness campaigns can focus on owners of possible problematic dogs.
Scopus© Citations 17 1
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DOI 10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105358
Do dog-human bonds influence movements of free-ranging dogs in wilderness?
2021-08
Saavedra-Aracena, Lorena
;
Grimm-Seyfarth, Annegret
;
Schuttler, Elke
Domestic dogs have a close and mutualistic relationship with humans. When unconfined, they usually stay close to the owner's home, but some undertake intensive forays in nature with negative impacts on wildlife. Predictors for such problematic dogs in previous research concentrated on dog characteristics and husbandry. Here we additionally explored which aspects of the dog-human bond influenced the movements of free-ranging village dogs in southern Chile. Using an interdisciplinary framework, we assessed the strength of this relationship through (i) attachment behaviours performed during the Strange Situation Procedure (SSP, dog's perception of the relationship) and (ii) the Monash Dog-Owner Relationship Scale questionnaire (MDORS, owner's perception) in 41 dog-owner dyads while remotely monitoring the dogs' movements using GPS tracking (n = 36394 locations). We found that 39 % of dogs had > 5 % of their locations in natural areas, but only three individuals exhibited overnight excursions. Home range size (1.8-4227 ha) and mean distances to the owner's home (0-28.4 km) varied greatly among individuals. Through generalized linear models we identified that dogs had larger home ranges, moved farther away from home or accessed nature more (i.e., they exhibited more intensive forays) when they explored more, greeted their owners intensively, and expressed more passive behaviours in the presence of their owners (SSP). However, the MDORS questionnaire was a poor predictor of home range, distance to home, and access to nature. When considering the dogs' background, older dogs, males, and dogs that got missing more frequently exhibited more intensive forays. Compared to SSP results in confined dogs, we suggest that owners of free-ranging dogs do not play an important role as an attachment figure. We conclude that the dog-owner bond indeed influences roaming behaviour in dogs. This highlights the necessity of wildlife management strategies considering the cultural context. In specific terms, we recommend to foster the knowledge of the importance of bonds between dogs and their owners in educational campaigns on responsible dog ownership, along with biological (age, sex) and behavioural characteristics (exploration, getting missing). That way, awareness campaigns can focus on owners of possible problematic dogs.
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DOI 10.1007/s10530-020-02394-3
Environmental factors regulate occupancy of free-ranging dogs on a sub-Antarctic island, Chile
2021-03
Contardo, Juan
;
Grimm-Seyfarth, Annegret
;
Cattan, Pedro E.
;
Schuttler, Elke
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are the most common carnivore species in natural ecosystems worldwide. They are of considerable concern for wildlife conservation, particularly in the absence of predators. However, we are only beginning to understand the ecology of free-ranging dogs, and even less is known in sub-Antarctic environments. Here, we used camera-trap data to assess space use of free-ranging dogs on a sub-Antarctic island in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, southern Chile, which lacks native terrestrial carnivores. We predicted free-ranging dogs to be associated with human settlements, trails, and roads and to prefer open habitats over forest for the ease of movement. We obtained 67 independent dog records of 62 individuals over 3909 camera-trap days from 200 sites. Single-species single-season occupancy models revealed that both rural/village dogs, as well as putative feral dogs chose peatbogs over forest, but their preference for settlements and roads was less pronounced and inconsistent among dog categories. Our findings revealed evidence for a reproducing feral dog population on Navarino Island that may be sustained by recruits from rural/village dogs, as identical sites were visited by both dog categories. However, due to a higher occupancy with proximity to human dwellings, the dependence of feral dogs on human resources remain uncontested. In light of the penetration of dogs into pristine sub-Antarctic habitats and their possible impacts on native vulnerable prey, we recommend the implementation of responsible pet-ownership regulations, as well as ethically-approved control actions for feral dogs to protect one of the planet's last wilderness areas.
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DOI 10.1007/s10530-020-02394-3
Environmental factors regulate occupancy of free-ranging dogs on a sub-Antarctic island, Chile
2021-03
Contardo, Juan
;
Grimm-Seyfarth, Annegret
;
Cattan, Pedro E.
;
Schuttler, Elke
Domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) are the most common carnivore species in natural ecosystems worldwide. They are of considerable concern for wildlife conservation, particularly in the absence of predators. However, we are only beginning to understand the ecology of free-ranging dogs, and even less is known in sub-Antarctic environments. Here, we used camera-trap data to assess space use of free-ranging dogs on a sub-Antarctic island in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, southern Chile, which lacks native terrestrial carnivores. We predicted free-ranging dogs to be associated with human settlements, trails, and roads and to prefer open habitats over forest for the ease of movement. We obtained 67 independent dog records of 62 individuals over 3909 camera-trap days from 200 sites. Single-species single-season occupancy models revealed that both rural/village dogs, as well as putative feral dogs chose peatbogs over forest, but their preference for settlements and roads was less pronounced and inconsistent among dog categories. Our findings revealed evidence for a reproducing feral dog population on Navarino Island that may be sustained by recruits from rural/village dogs, as identical sites were visited by both dog categories. However, due to a higher occupancy with proximity to human dwellings, the dependence of feral dogs on human resources remain uncontested. In light of the penetration of dogs into pristine sub-Antarctic habitats and their possible impacts on native vulnerable prey, we recommend the implementation of responsible pet-ownership regulations, as well as ethically-approved control actions for feral dogs to protect one of the planet's last wilderness areas.
Scopus© Citations 12 3
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DOI 10.7717/peerj.4124
Domestic carnivore interactions with wildlife in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile: husbandry and perceptions of impact from a community perspective
2018-01-04
Schuttler, Elke
;
Saavedra-Aracena, Lorena
;
Jimenez, Jaime E.
Background. Hundreds of millions of domestic carnivores worldwide have diverse positive affiliations with humans, but can provoke serious socio-ecological impacts when free-roaming. Unconfined dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) interact with wildlife as predators, competitors, and disease-transmitters; their access to wildlife depends on husbandry, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of pet owners and non-owners. Methods. To better understand husbandry and perceptions of impacts by unconfined, domestic carnivores, we administered questionnaires (n = 244) to pet owners and non-owners living in one of the last wilderness areas of the world, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, located in southern Chile. We used descriptive statistics to provide demographic pet and husbandry information, quantify free-roaming dogs and cats, map their sightings in nature, and report experiences and perceptions of the impact of free-roaming dogs and cats on wildlife. We corroborated our results with an analysis of prey remains in dog feces (n = 53). With generalized linear models, we examined which factors (i.e., food provisioning, reproductive state, rural/village households, sex, and size) predicted that owned dogs and cats bring wildlife prey home. Results. Thirty-one percent of village dogs (n = 121) and 60% of dogs in rural areas (n = 47) roamed freely day and/or night. Free-roaming dog packs were frequently observed (64% of participants) in the wild, including a feral dog population on Navarino Island. Dogs (31 of 168) brought home invasive muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and avian prey, and over half of all cats (27 of 51) brought home mainly avian prey. Birds were also the most harassed wildlife category, affected by one third of all dogs and cats. Nevertheless, dog-wildlife conflicts were hardly recognized (< 9% of observed conflicts and suspected problems), and only 34% of the participants thought that cats might impact birds. Diet analysis revealed that dogs consumed livestock (64% of 59 prey occurrences), beavers (Castor canadensis, 14%), and birds (10%). The probability that dogs brought prey to owners' homes was higher in rural locations and with larger dogs. There was also evidence that cats from rural households and with an inadequate food supply brought more prey home than village cats. Discussion. Although muskrat, beavers, and birds were brought home, harassed, or found in dog feces, free-roaming dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats are perceived predominantly in an anthropogenic context (i.e., as pets) and not as carnivores interacting with wildlife. Therefore, technical and legal measures should be applied to encourage neutering, increase confinement, particularly in rural areas, and stimulate social change via environmental education that draws attention to the possibility and consequences of unconfined pet interaction with wildlife in the southernmost protected forest ecoregion of the globe.
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DOI 10.7717/peerj.4124
Domestic carnivore interactions with wildlife in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile: husbandry and perceptions of impact from a community perspective
2018-01-04
Schuttler, Elke
;
Saavedra-Aracena, Lorena
;
Jimenez, Jaime E.
Background. Hundreds of millions of domestic carnivores worldwide have diverse positive affiliations with humans, but can provoke serious socio-ecological impacts when free-roaming. Unconfined dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) interact with wildlife as predators, competitors, and disease-transmitters; their access to wildlife depends on husbandry, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of pet owners and non-owners. Methods. To better understand husbandry and perceptions of impacts by unconfined, domestic carnivores, we administered questionnaires (n = 244) to pet owners and non-owners living in one of the last wilderness areas of the world, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, located in southern Chile. We used descriptive statistics to provide demographic pet and husbandry information, quantify free-roaming dogs and cats, map their sightings in nature, and report experiences and perceptions of the impact of free-roaming dogs and cats on wildlife. We corroborated our results with an analysis of prey remains in dog feces (n = 53). With generalized linear models, we examined which factors (i.e., food provisioning, reproductive state, rural/village households, sex, and size) predicted that owned dogs and cats bring wildlife prey home. Results. Thirty-one percent of village dogs (n = 121) and 60% of dogs in rural areas (n = 47) roamed freely day and/or night. Free-roaming dog packs were frequently observed (64% of participants) in the wild, including a feral dog population on Navarino Island. Dogs (31 of 168) brought home invasive muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and avian prey, and over half of all cats (27 of 51) brought home mainly avian prey. Birds were also the most harassed wildlife category, affected by one third of all dogs and cats. Nevertheless, dog-wildlife conflicts were hardly recognized (< 9% of observed conflicts and suspected problems), and only 34% of the participants thought that cats might impact birds. Diet analysis revealed that dogs consumed livestock (64% of 59 prey occurrences), beavers (Castor canadensis, 14%), and birds (10%). The probability that dogs brought prey to owners' homes was higher in rural locations and with larger dogs. There was also evidence that cats from rural households and with an inadequate food supply brought more prey home than village cats. Discussion. Although muskrat, beavers, and birds were brought home, harassed, or found in dog feces, free-roaming dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats are perceived predominantly in an anthropogenic context (i.e., as pets) and not as carnivores interacting with wildlife. Therefore, technical and legal measures should be applied to encourage neutering, increase confinement, particularly in rural areas, and stimulate social change via environmental education that draws attention to the possibility and consequences of unconfined pet interaction with wildlife in the southernmost protected forest ecoregion of the globe.
Scopus© Citations 42 1
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DOI 10.1007/s00300-019-02497-1
New records of invasive mammals from the sub-Antarctic Cape Horn Archipelago
2019-6
Schuttler, Elke
;
Crego, Ramiro D.
;
Saavedra-Aracena, Lorena
;
Silva-Rodriguez, Eduardo A.
;
Rozzi Marin, Ricardo Roberto
;
Soto, Nicolas
;
Jimenez, Jaime E.
The southernmost archipelago of the Americas is dominated by invasive mammals that outnumber their native counterparts. Despite the relatively low ability of most invasive mammals to cross cold sea water channels, invaders are apparently colonizing new islands. Our objective was to provide an assessment of the expansion of invasive mammals within these sub-Antarctic ecosystems, determine whether human-mediated movement of invasive species is a plausible dispersal mechanism, and identify areas likely to be colonized in the near future. We report a decade of fieldwork (2006-2017) in 44 sites on 13 islands within the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve including opportunistic and systematic camera trapping, carnivore diet, questionnaires, small mammal trapping, and walks/transects. We found new records of invasive mammals on seven islands, particularly for American mink (Neovison vison) and American beaver (Castor canadensis). Interviews with fishermen showed that mink, dogs (Canis familiaris), and small rodents are likely passengers in vessels. Finally, species distribution models revealed that the putative invasive-free Cape Horn National Park (55 degrees S) is suitable for several invasive species, suggesting a high risk of invasion if species are introduced. We conclude that it is urgent to implement barriers to dispersal to prevent further invasion. In the case of dogs and cats (Felis catus), the first step should be control actions that target pet owners. Finally, we highlight the need of systematic, long-term biodiversity monitoring and citizen science in the Cape Horn Archipelago and common conservation guidelines for the terrestrial sub-Antarcticecosystems.
Scopus© Citations 15
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DOI 10.4067/s0718-686x2020000300045
Un centinela para el monitoreo del cambio climático y su impacto sobre la biodiversidad en la cumbre austral de América: La nueva red de estudios a largo Plazo Cabo de Hornos
2020-12-1
Rozzi Marin, Ricardo Roberto
;
Ramiro D. Crego
;
Contador Mejias, Tamara Andrea
;
Schuttler, Elke
;
Sebastián Rosenfeld
;
Mackenzie Calderon, Roy
;
Omar Barroso
;
Eduardo A. Silva‐Rodríguez
;
Ximena Álvarez-Bustos
;
Alejandra Silva
Las reservas de la biosfera tienen entre sus funciones apoyar la investigación científica, educación, capacitación y monitoreo. En la Reserva de la Biosfera Cabo de Hornos (RBCH), creada el año 2005, estas funciones se han cumplido desde la conformación del Parque Etnobotánico Omora el año 2000 y con su implementación, el año 2008, como sitio co-fundador de la Red Chilena de Sitios de Estudios Socio-Ecológicos a Largo Plazo (LTSER-Chile). El año 2016, esta última se ha fortalecido con la creación de la Red de Sitios de Estudios Ecológicos a Largo Plazo Cabo de Hornos (LTER-Cabo de Hornos). Esta red incluye el Parque Omora y tres nuevos sitios que se agregan al monitoreo de la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes. De sur a norte, los sitios son: (1) isla Gonzalo (56°31'S; 68°43'O), extremo sur del archipiélago Diego Ramírez, con vegetación subantártica dominada por gramíneas y criptógamas, carente de especies leñosas; (2) isla Hornos (55°58'S; 67°13'O), extremo sur del archipiélago Cabo de Hornos, que alberga los ecosistemas forestales más australes del planeta, dominados por coigüe de Magallanes (Nothofagus betuloides); (3) Parque Etnobotánico Omora (54°57'S; 67°40'0), isla Navarino, un sitio ideal para estudios sobre cambio climático y su impacto sobre la biota y ecosistemas subantárticos, puesto que protege una cuenca hidrográfica que incluye los tipos de hábitats característicos de la RBCH en un gradiente altitudinal con una disminución térmica análoga a la que ocurre con aumentos en latitud; y (4) Sitio Caleta 2 de Mayo (54°52'S; 68°41'O), bahía Yendegaia, en una zona ecotonal entre bosques siempreverdes y deciduos (producto del gradiente climático local), un sitio que será central para la futura conectividad entre Chile continental, Tierra del Fuego, isla Navarino y la RBCH. El año 2015, UNESCO aprobó el Informe de la Primera Revisión Periódica de la RBCH que planteó la protección del archipiélago Diego Ramírez y creación del Parque Marino Islas Diego Ramírez-Paso Drake, objetivo que se logró con la promulgación de este nuevo parque el 2 de febrero de 2018 y su entrada en vigencia el 21 de enero de 2019 con la publicación del decreto de creación (Diario Oficial 2019). En este contexto, la nueva Red LTER-Cabo de Hornos adquiere una gran relevancia local, nacional y global. A escala local, cubre una heterogeneidad ambiental representativa de la gran diversidad de paisajes y ecosistemas terrestres, dulceacuícolas y marinos de la RBCH y la ecorregión subantártica de Magallanes. A escala nacional, incorpora sitios subantárticos en el extremo austral de Sudamérica a la Red LTSER-Chile y a la Red de Monitoreo del Ministerio del Medio Ambiente. A escala global, los ecosistemas terrestres de la Red LTER-Cabo de Hornos sobresalen por dos razones principales: (a) estos ecosistemas subantárticos carecen de réplica en otros continentes del hemisferio sur y (b) los ecosistemas de latitudes altas son especialmente sensibles al cambio climático global. Así, la Red LTER-Cabo de Hornos contribuye a superar brechas geográficas críticas en la implementación de la Red Internacional de Estudios Ecológicos a Largo Plazo (ILTER). Para articular estos cuatro sitios y fortalecer la formación de capacidades técnicas y la transferencia de conocimientos a los tomadores de decisiones en el área de turismo de intereses especiales y otras actividades económicas sustentables, la Red LTER- Cabo de Hornos será administrada localmente desde el Centro Subantártico Cabo de Hornos (CESACH) que se inaugurará en Puerto Williams el año 2021. La implementación de la Red de Sitios LTER-Cabo de Hornos se ha basado en una estrecha colaboración con diversos actores públicos: Ministerio de Bienes Nacionales, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Corporación Nacional Forestal, Subsecretaría de Pesca y Acuicultura del Ministerio de Economía Fomento y Turismo, Dirección General de Aguas del Ministerio de Obras Públicas, Armada de Chile, Carabineros de Chile, Ilustre Municipalidad de Cabo de Hornos, Gobernación Provincial de la Antártica Chilena y Gobierno Regional de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena. En las siguientes fases, la Red de Sitios LTER-Cabo de Hornos y el CESACH fortalecerán la participación de la comunidad local, especialmente de la Comunidad Indígena Yagán de Bahía Mejillones, pescadores artesanales, operadores turísticos y la comunidad educativa, incluyendo actores privados. Ubicada en la "cumbre austral" de América, Puerto Williams, capital de la Provincia Antártica Chilena, podrá emerger como un polo mundial de investigación transdisciplinaria subantártica, equipada con un nuevo centro y red de estudios socio-ecológicos a largo plazo. La colaboración con actores regionales, nacionales e internacionales permitirá que la Red LTER-Cabo de Hornos y el CESACH: (i) aporten datos críticos, que abrirán nuevas oportunidades para el monitoreo del cambio climático y su impacto sobre la biodiversidad y ecosistemas en latitudes subantárticas; (ii) consoliden el monitoreo a largo plazo que constituye un componente esencial para diseñar de manera efectiva acciones de mitigación y adaptación; (iii) contribuyan a un modelo de desarrollo local sustentable que, asociado a la RBCH, aporte desde el sur del mundo a un modelo de conservación biocultural que satisfaga las necesidades de bienestar socio-económico y sustentabilidad ambiental a múltiples escalas regionales y planetarias.
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